Archives for category: 2012

This past weekend I spent too many hours on Netflix watching Lie to Me, the Fox television drama that ran from 2009 to 2011. It’s a crime procedural (my favorite genre) about Dr. Cal Lightman, a psychologist who can spot liars by analyzing their body language and super-fast facial ticks, called microexpressions.

On the show, Lightman’s obsession with faces stems from a decades-old film of his mother recorded by her therapist. She had been institutionalized for depression, but on the film, she tells the therapist how good she feels after treatment, and how she longs to see her children. The therapist is convinced, allows her to go home, and she promptly commits suicide. After years of analyzing the footage, Lightman discovers that his mother’s face had shown flashes of agony while she lied about her happiness. He goes on to create a system for coding subtle facial expressions and launches a consulting firm, The Lightman Group, that helps police (and all sorts of other clients) detect when individuals are lying, and why.

It’s one of those shows that sticks with you, or with me, anyway. For the past few days I’ve been surreptitiously scrutinizing the faces of everyone I see—people exchanging small talk at a birthday party, people telling outrageous true stories on stage, my longtime friends, even my fiancé. Could I discover their hidden feelings just by paying closer attention? It’s tricky, of course, when you don’t know if someone is lying. But what about when you do know, like in the sad case of Mike Daisey?

Yesterday I hatched a plan: Learn the basics of the real science behind Lie and Me, then watch a bunch of old Daisey clips on YouTube and root out the signs of his deception.

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The Last Word on Nothing, March 2012.

It’s been almost a year since I wrote about my genetic testing results from 23andMe. That’s because, despite paying $5 a month for the site’s mandatory Personal Genome Service®, I rarely look at it.

It’s not that I’m scared of the data (been there), and not because I forgot — every six or eight weeks I get an email from the company saying things like, You have 8 new results from 23andMe! New discoveries have been made about your DNA! I hadn’t visited the site because, frankly, I was bored of it. How many times is one expected to look sort-of-interesting, sort-of-meaningless risk calculations and ponder healthier ways to live?

Then at a conference last week, while trying to make small talk with a scientist, I mentioned my 23andMe subscription. Turns out he has one, too. “Isn’t it funny when you get those messages from your distant relatives?” he said. I told him I didn’t know what he meant. “I get them all the time,” he said, shaking his head.

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The Last Word on Nothing, March 2012.

DSC04115-600One morning a couple of weeks ago, I found myself atop a dirt mound, surrounded on all sides by green hills and trees, watching a man in a pit.

Wearing a blue hardhat and matching shirt, he was slowly, steadily, tediously swinging a shovel into the muddy walls around him, paying no mind to the gawking tourists above. All of his attention was fixed on unearthing some shiny yellow nuggets: imperial topaz.

The gemstone, which can range in color from dingy champagne to deep tangerine, is found almost exclusively here in Minas Gerais (Portuguese for “general mines”), Brazil. My tour guide said it fetches some $2,000 per carat.

For all I learned that day about the country’s landscape, economy and the harsh business of mining, I didn’t entirely grasp the natural science behind these sparkling commodities. What created the imperial topaz? Why is it so rare? Why is it sometimes yellow and sometimes red? When I got home, I turned to the Gems and Jewels app on my iPad to fill in the blanks.

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Download the Universe, March 2012.

Child abuse, losing your job, a nasty divorce—many types of stress have been associated with serious illnesses, from addiction and depression to diabetes and even cancer.

But how, exactly, does stress change the brain? Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), two new studies have linked stress to a reduction in the volume of nerve cells, or gray matter, in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a region that controls emotions, abstract thinking, and impulses. Understanding how these changes develop over time could help researchers identify individuals most vulnerable to stress, the researchers say. Ideally these patients could be steered toward exercise, social support, and other clinical interventions known to offset the harmful effects of stress.

“When you go to your physician’s office, you might get your insulin levels checked out, and your doctor will use it to recommend treatments,” says Rajita Sinha, Ph.D., Foundations Fund Professor of Psychiatry and director of the Yale Stress Center, who was involved in the new studies. “We need to be able to get there with the brain, to treat it just like any other organ system.”

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Medicine@Yale, March 2012.

More and more researchers, it seems to me, are trying to peek into the minds of children with autism by analyzing how they put together a sentence.

Language impairments are one of the most common features of autism. But linguists have long debated the precise nature of the disorder’s language deficit. Do grammatical errors mean there’s something wrong with the language centers of the brain? Or are they instead the indirect result of an individual’s social problems? Two new studies support the latter idea.

Helen Tager-Flusberg‘s work in the 1980s first suggested that social aspects of language are behind all grammar problems in people with autism. One of her experiments, for example, focused on ‘wh-questions’ — such as ‘What did he eat?’ and ‘Who does Mary like?’ — which are interesting because they can indicate a child’s desire to begin a conversation or attract the attention of others. Tager-Flusberg found that children with autism ask fewer wh-questions than do children with Down syndrome, but the questions coming from children with autism are more grammatically correct.

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SFARI, March 2012.

This worm is born to travel. It begins life in human lymph, only to seep out of the lymphatic vessels into the grimy fluid that bathes our organs. From there, it drifts into the blood stream. During the day, it keeps to deep veins. Once darkness falls, it migrates up to the skinny veins just under the skin.

Then one lucky night, a mosquito will find the sleeping human and feast on its blood. The worm will end up in the insect’s gut and, eventually, in its muscles. It will reach adolescence there, and then travel to the mosquito’s head, stinger and, finally, to the next person the insect bites. From the blood stream, the worm will find its way back to the lymph to mate and, after such a long journey, retire. It will stay there for six to eight years, the rest of its life, and pump out millions of new little worms to embark on the same cross-species adventure.

Unfortunately, the health of these worms, called parasitic filarial nematodes, is in direct conflict with that of their human hosts. The worms slowly accumulate inside of people, eventually clogging lymph nodes and causing the extreme swelling, discoloration and deformity known as elephantiasis. More than 120 million people in 72 countries are infected with the disease, formally called lymphatic filariasis, leaving some 40 million incapacitated.

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The Last Word on Nothing, March 2012.

You’ve no doubt heard about the myriad effects of rising global temperatures: droughts, drying rivers,lowland floods, plummeting populations of polar bears and Emperor penguinscoastal storms putting Arctic villages in mortal danger. Now there’s a new victim: the future of Canadian ice hockey.

To those of us who don’t follow sports, it might seem like a silly thing to fret over. But ice hockey is actually quite important to the culture and economy of Canada. The first organized game of indoor hockey, in 1875, took place in Montreal. When the country sent its first astronaut into space, he took a hockey stick and puck with him. Every year, according to one report, more than one-fifth of the country’s adult population attends or plays in an ice hockey game.

Because a lot of this hockey fun takes place in outdoor ice rinks, the scientists behind the new study wondered if the sport has been influenced by the changing climate. Since 1950, average winter temperatures in Canada have gone up 2.5 degrees Celsius, while the duration and intensity of cold spells have decreased.

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Smithsonian’s Surprising Science, March 2012.

Children with autism who have different verbal and intellectual abilities seem to glean useful social information from different parts of the face, according to the largest-ever eye-tracking study of the disorder.

These differences suggest that children with autism adapt to their environment based on their specific strengths and weaknesses, the researchers say.

The findings, published in the March issue of the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, illustrate both the importance and the challenges of studying differences among people with autism.

“Different people have different compensatory strategies to navigate the demands of social life,” says lead investigator Ami Klin, chief of the division of autism and related disorders at Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta.

Experts applaud the study for taking an approach that’s only beginning to gain traction in the autism field: parsing the notoriously diverse disorder into smaller groups of children that share a particular trait, such as verbal ability. Doing so could help pinpoint new imaging or genetic biomarkers, and could help clinicians choose effective treatments, researchers say.

“The study highlights that any interventions that are used need to be specific to the child in question,” says Gwyneth Doherty-Sneddon, professor of psychology at Northumbria University in the U.K., who was not involved with the new study. “There are important individual differences, so an intervention that might work well with one group of children is not going to work well with another group.”

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SFARI, March 2012.


During the last glacial period, from about 100,000 to 12,000 years ago, most northern parts of the world were covered in sheets of ice, wiping out any possibility of vegetation.

Well, not quite. It seems that pine and spruce trees, at least, were able to survive in certain spots in Scandinavia, according to DNA analyses reported in today’s issue of Science.

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Smithsonian’s Surprising Science, March 2012.