Archives for the month of: May, 2009

Every couple of months, it seems, a human genetic study fingers yet another variant that’s associated with autism. It’s only a matter of time before scientists put many of these candidates through the next step in translational research: studying how the variant changes a mouse’s behavior or brain circuitry.

This approach assumes, of course, that a given variant would work the same way in mice as it does in humans. But the biology of mice and men may not be as similar as everyone has thought.

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SFARI, May 2009.

Of the hundreds of presentations at the International Meeting for Autism Research earlier this month, one got widely picked up: a preliminary study of children who ‘recover’ from autism.

Most people with autism are born with it, and though they may learn various coping strategies, they have it for life. But a little-known fact is that a fraction of kids with autism eventually lose those diagnoses. The controversy lies in the size of that group: estimates range wildly between 3 and 25 percent.

For the past few years, Deborah Fein of the University of Connecticut has been trying to pin down more specific numbers, and to figure out what factors (if any) lead to recovery.

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SFARI, May 2009.

There’s no denying that, in the past two decades, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has revolutionized neuroscience. Its colorful, fine-resolution pictures allow scientists to compare patterns of activity in different brain regions during specific tasks.

Every technique has its drawbacks, of course, and many of fMRI’s flaws — such as the fact that it measures blood flow, an indirect measure of neuron activity — are often mentioned in papers and discussed at conferences.

But one flaw is rarely brought up and is apparently more widespread than anyone realized: when choosing from the enormous amounts of data generated from an fMRI experiment, scientists often ‘double dip’, or use the same subset for setting up a hypothesis and for confirming it.

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SFARI, May 2009.

Do children with autism have unusually large brains?

The answer depends entirely on which study you choose to trust.

This debate over head size in autism continued yesterday at the International Meeting for Autism Research in Chicago.

Based on brain scans of 2- to 4-year-old boys with autism, neuropsychologist Heather Hazlett of the University of North Carolina says kids with autism have slightly a larger caudate nucleus — a region important for learning and memory — than do healthy controls, and a much larger amygdala, the brain region needed to process emotions.

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SFARI, May 2009.

Here’s a quick mental exercise: look away from the keyboard and ask yourself, where are the keys you press to type your first name?

Most of you will move your fingers in the air, mimicking the movements you make on a keyboard. That’s because you’ve learned the locations implicitly, following a kind of unconscious motor script.

Several presentations today at the International Meeting for Autism Research suggest that this kind of procedural memory — which we use for everything from riding a bike to conjugating regular verbs — is impaired in people with autism, although they seem to be able to learn using different systems.

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SFARI, May 2009.

People with autism have trouble recognizing facial expressions and judging the emotional tone of spoken words — or at least, that’s what many researchers say. But some studies have found that not to be true.

The reason for these contradictory results could be that the studies tested the response to emotions of different types and intensity, says Ruth Grossman of the University of Massachusetts Medical School. Her team has found that kids with autism seem to have trouble only when identifying subtle, real-life emotions, rather than the gross exaggerations of fear or happiness that are rare in the real world.

To test this, as she explained at a poster session yesterday at the International Meeting for Autism Research in Chicago, Grossman designed a simple task.

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SFARI, May 2009.