Archives for the month of: February, 2009

The sponsors of the largest clinical trial of a treatment for autism on 18 February revealed disheartening results: fluoxetine ― commonly marketed as the antidepressant Prozac ― is no more effective than placebo at reducing repetitive behaviors in children with autism.

Previous studies had suggested that people with autism benefit significantly from the drug. “Our push behind fluoxetine was made on the premise that the current data were predictive of a larger scale success, so we’d anticipated success,” says Mike Snape, chief scientific officer at Neuropharm which, together with the advocacy group Autism Speaks, co-sponsored the trial.

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SFARI, February 2009.

How could a robot be programmed to convey something as complex and nuanced as human interaction?

And yet, mechanical engineers at Vanderbilt University are developing technology that allows a robot to monitor the emotional state of a human with which it interacts. They say the technology may help the robots teach social behaviors to children with autism, who often shy from people but are fascinated by objects.

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SFARI, February 2009.

In the 30 years since Louise Brown, the first ‘test-tube baby’, was born, fertility techniques have grown into a major industry, accounting for more than one percent of births in the U.S.

The general assumption has been that these babies are perfectly normal ― but are they?

Scientists are apparently finding evidence that babies born using in vitro fertilization (IVF) are at a higher risk of genetic disorders, including the rare autism-related disorder Angelman syndrome.

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SFARI, February 2009.

In the fall of 1979, after three months of living with a French family in the Loire Valley, 19-year-old Daniel Geschwind decided not to return to his undergraduate studies in chemistry at Dartmouth College. Instead, he stayed in France for a year, filming, producing, editing and starring in a series of professional ski movies. “I was curious about filmmaking at the time,” he recalls matter-of-factly. “And it was really a lot of fun.”

Over the following 25 years, Geschwind continued to follow his bliss, building an unconventional, but thoroughly successful, career. When, at age 23, he finally finished his chemistry degree, he took a detour into business consulting before beginning an M.D./Ph.D. program focused on neurobiology. In the late 1990s, after he had established himself as an expert on the genetics of neurological diseases, a personal connection abruptly pulled him into autism research.

Since then, Geschwind has participated in dozens of studies probing the genetic basis of autism and related neuro-developmental disorders. In August 2001, he and other researchers affiliated with the Cure Autism Now nonprofit created the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE) ― a gene bank of more than 4,500 samples from children with autism and their families. Using samples collected through AGRE, Geschwind has led many of the largest high-resolution genome scans intended to pinpoint the chromosomal defects in people with autism.

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SFARI, February 2009.

In the 1970s, when animal scientist Temple Grandin began her research on livestock behavior in Tempe, Arizona, she noticed that cattle are often spooked by seemingly insignificant visual details, such as a yellow hose on the ground or light reflecting off a piece of metal.

Grandin, who was diagnosed with autism in 1950, says that she has always had extraordinary vision, but “never really thought anything of it”. When she sits at a boring meeting, for instance, she says she often studies the tiny pattern variations in the carpet beneath her; when she drives at night, she sees so clearly that she sometimes forgets to turn on the headlights.

This ‘eagle-eyed’ vision, characteristic of many people on the autism spectrum, stems at least in part from abnormal variations in the early stages of visual processing, according to two reports published in the January issue of Biological Psychiatry.

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SFARI, February 2009.

Kelly Gifford’s heart sank on a Friday morning in August 2006 when she checked her e-mail and no message popped up from her older sister, Linda. For decades, Linda, 42, had suffered from bipolar disorder, depression, and eating disorders, and had checked in and out of several rehabilitation clinics. Although she lived alone in Denver, 1,800 miles from Kelly and the rest of their family in Arlington, Virginia, the two sisters were close. On the previous Friday, Linda had admitted to Kelly that she had called a suicide hot line. Kelly talked to her constantly that weekend, begging her to call a doctor. When last they had spoken on Monday, Linda had assured Kelly that she was feeling much better. But now there was no word.

During the next four days, Kelly called and e-mailed Linda repeatedly — with no response. Friday morning, Kelly finally called the Denver police and asked them to check on her sister. Two hours later, the police confirmed her suspicions: Linda was dead in her apartment from an overdose of prescription drugs. “It was always in the back of my mind, but I didn’t think it would actually happen,” Gifford says. “It was absolutely devastating.”

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Johns Hopkins Magazine, February 2009.

Every baby born in Denmark, within the first few days of life, receives a unique, 10-digit identification number. The babyʼs name and number become a part of the Danish Medical Birth Registry, a comprehensive electronic record of the birth details ― from birth weight and length to parents’ smoking habits ― established in 1968.

“[The identification number] is nearly tattooed on your forehead, you cannot get rid of it,” says Poul Thorsen, associate professor of epidemiology at the University of Aarhus. “It’s fixed to you and anything you do for the rest of your life.”

As babies grow older, more than 200 linked electronic registries keep track of their every encounter with the nationalized medical establishment, recording every condition diagnosed and every drug prescribed. In recent years, these massive data collections have played a pivotal role in epidemiological medical research, particularly in identifying risk factors for complex psychiatric diseases such as autism and schizophrenia.

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SFARI, February 2009.